MOSIS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Implementation Service) provides metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) nick design tools and related services which allow universities, government departments, research institutes and companies to prototype chips efficiently and price-effectively.

Run by the College of Southern California’s Information Sciences Institute (ISI), MOSIS combines customers’ orders onto shared multi-project wafers that speed production and lower costs in contrast to underutilized single-project wafers. Customers can debug and adjust designs, in order to commission small-volume runs, without making major production investments. Fabrication pricing is also shared by mixing multiple designs from one customer onto one “mask set,” or wafer template. Based on MOSIS, the service has delivered greater than 60,000 integrated circuit designs.

MOSIS was produced almost 30 years ago by ISI’s Danny Cohen, an online pioneer who also developed Voice over ip and Video over Ip Address. It took it’s origin from the inventions of VLSI pioneer Lynn Conway, who invented and tested this latest method of rapid-prototyping and short-run fabrication at Xerox PARC. Among the first e-commerce providers, MOSIS also launched the “fabless foundry” industry, by which vendors delegate nick orders instead of relying by themselves factories. A large number of students also provide learned nick design in MOSIS-affiliate programs.

Many early MOSIS users were students trying IC layout techniques in the seminal book Summary of VLSI Design (.mw-parser-output cite.citation.mw-parser-output .citation q.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free aeco-friendly.svg/9px-Lock-eco-friendly.svg.png”)no-repeatbackground-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration agrey-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-grey-alt-2.svg.png”)no-repeatbackground-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon aemblem.svg/12px-Wikisource-emblem.svg.png”)no-repeatbackground-position:right .1em center.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightISBN 0-201-04358-) printed in 1980 by Caltech professor Carver Mead and Durch professor Lynn Conway. Some early reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors for example MIPS (1984) and SPARC (1987) were tell you MOSIS throughout their early design and testing phases.

The Scott Bar salamander (Plethodon asupak) is really a types of salamander in the household Plethodontidae, endemic towards the U . s . States, where it’s limited to a really small range within the Scott River drainage in Siskiyou County, California, at altitudes between 700 and 1,300 metres (2,300 and 4,300 ft) above ocean level. Described in 2005, it is among the most lately described species within the large genus Plethodon.

P. asupak is really a moderate-sized, robust salamander with lengthy braches growing to some snout-to-vent period of 61 mm (2.4 in) for guys and 67 mm (2.6 in) for women. It features a broad brown or bronze dorsal stripe and it is otherwise purple-grey with white-colored flecks that condense around the sides and braches into bigger patches. The underparts are dark grey or purple mottled with paler grey and flecked with white-colored. It frequently has gold recognizing on its otherwise black irises. Juveniles have paired, reddish dorsal stripes.

A species endemic to California, it inhabits shaded, moss-covered talus slopes in old-growth mixed evergreen and montane fir forests from the Klamath Mountain Range. It had been discovered in 2001, and it is presently known from the couple of locations close to the confluence from the Klamath and Scott Rivers, hence its common name Scott Bar salamander. Its range is just 20 km (13 mi) at its finest dimension. Known elevations extend from 700 to at least one,300 metres (2,300 to 4,300 ft) above ocean level.

Having a very restricted range along with a habitat requirement of old-growth forest, this salamander is threatened by logging that is permitted, under certain conditions, within the national forest it inhabits. The Worldwide Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed it a vulnerable species.