Image by/from Mezzotint by R. Houston after A. Ramsay

Richard Mead (11 August 1673 – 16 Feb 1754) was an British physician. His work, A Brief Discourse concerning Pestilential Contagion, and also the Method for use to avoid it (1720), was of historic importance within the knowledge of transmissible illnesses.

The eleventh of 13 kids of Matthew Mead (1630-1699), a completely independent minister, Richard was created at Stepney, London. He studied at Utrecht for 3 years under JG Graevius. Getting made the decision to follow along with this sort of profession, then he visited Leiden and attended the lectures of Paul Hermann and Archibald Pitcairne. In 1695 he graduated in philosophy and physic at Padua, as well as in 1696 he came back to London, entering at the same time on the effective practice.

His Mechanical Account of Poisons made an appearance in 1702, and, in 1703, he was accepted towards the Royal Society, to whose Transactions he contributed for the reason that year a paper around the parasitic nature of scabies. Within the same year, he was elected physician to St. Thomas’ Hospital, and hired to see physiological lectures in the Surgeon’s Hall. Around the dying of John Radcliffe in 1714, Mead grew to become the recognised mind of his profession he attended Queen Anne on her behalf deathbed, as well as in 1727 was hired physician to George II, getting formerly offered him for the reason that capacity as he was prince of Wales.

Whilst in the service from the king, Mead got active in the development of a brand new charitable organization, the Foundling Hospital, both like a founding governor so that as an consultant on everything medical. The Foundling Hospital would be a home for abandoned children as opposed to a medical hospital, but it’s stated that through Dr. Mead’s participation, the Foundling was outfitted with an ill room along with a pharmacy. He’s even designed to have influenced the architect, Theodore Jacobsen, into incorporating a sizable courtyard to advertise the kids exercising. A complete-size portrait of Dr Mead, donated through the artist Allan Ramsay in 1747, helps to ensure that his contribution won’t be forgotten, and it is permanently displayed in the Foundling Museum.

Dr Richard Mead seemed to be another from the Royal Society along with a Freemason (although not recognized to which lodge he belonged).

Mead would be a collector of works of art, rare books, classical sculpture, gems and zoological examples, that they provided for attend the library in the Bloomsbury house. His collection contained 10,000 volumes. In 1752 he received instructions from Camillo Paderni, in regards to the progress in the excavations from the Rental property from the Papyri. After his dying, it required 56 days to auction these to book collectors from England and abroad. His “Genuine and whole Assortment of Valuable Gems, Bronzes, Marble along with other Busts and Antiquities” was auctioned by Abraham Langford at his house within the Great Piazza, Covent Garden on 11-15 March 1755.

Mead’s country estate what food was in Old Windsor in Berkshire, but he died at his house in Bloomsbury in 1754. His London home later created the foundation of effective Ormond Street Hospital.

Mead was hidden in Temple Church. A monument to him was put into its northern border aisle of Westminster Abbey, having a bust by Peter Scheemakers.

In 1755 was printed (posthumously) Mead’s Medica Sacra Or, A commentary around the most outstanding illnesses, pointed out within the Holy Scriptures. He utilized the job of his supposed relative Frederick Mede’s Doctrine of Demons as well as of his once patient Isaac Newton’s Chronology to reason that questionnable ideas regarding demons had joined Christianity. Like Arthur Ashley Sykes yet others, Mead understood individuals suffering from demons within the New Proof of refer only to individuals struggling with a number of illnesses:

Mead is satirised in Laurence Sterne’s novel, Tristram Shandy, where he briefly seems as Dr Kunastrokius: “—Did not Dr. Kunastrokius, exceptional man, at his leisure hrs, go ahead and take finest delight imaginable in combing of asses’ tails, and plucking the dead hairs by helping cover their his teeth, though he’d tweezers forever in his pocket?” The name Kunastrokius is clearly an intimate pun, possibly referencing Voltaire’s Cunegund of Candide (1759). Certainly one of Sterne’s correspondents later complained he was reviving prevalent rumours that Mead choose to go bankrupt because of having to pay for elaborate sexual favours. Sterne defended themself for the reason that he did was “most distantly hint in a droll foible in the character…known before by every chamber-maid and footman inside the bills of mortality”.

Aside from the Mechanical Account of Poisons (second erectile dysfunction, 1708), Mead printed:

Image by/from George Cox

Stanford White-colored (November 9, 1853 – June 25, 1906) was a united states architect. He seemed to be someone within the architectural firm McKim, Mead & White-colored, the frontrunner among Beaux-Arts firms. He designed many houses for that wealthy in addition to numerous social, institutional, and non secular structures. His design concepts embodied the “American Renaissance”.

In 1906, White-colored was shot and wiped out through the psychologically unstable uniform Harry Kendall Thaw, who’d become deeply in love with White’s previous relationship with Thaw’s wife, actress Evelyn Nesbit. This brought to some court situation that was dubbed “The Trial from the Century” by contemporary reporters.

White-colored was created in New You are able to City, the boy of Shakespearean scholar Richard Grant White-colored and Alexina Black Mease (1830-1921). His father would be a dandy and Anglophile without any money, but a lot of connections in New York’s art world, including painter John LaFarge, Louis Comfort Tiffany, and Ernest Law Olmsted.

White-colored didn’t have formal architectural training he started his career at age 18 because the principal assistant to Henry Hobson Richardson, the finest American architect during the day and creator of the style recognized today as “Richardsonian Romanesque”. He continued to be with Richardson for six years. In 1878, White-colored embarked for any year . 5 tour of Europe, so when he came back to New You are able to in September 1879, he became a member of Charles Follen McKim and William Rutherford Mead to create McKim, Mead and White-colored. Included in the partnership, all commissions created by the architects were identified as the work from the collective firm, no individual architect.

In 1884, White-colored married 22-year-old Bessie Springs Cruz. His wife hailed from the socially prominent Lengthy Island family her ancestors were early settlers from the area, and Smithtown, New You are able to, was named on their behalf. Their estate, Box Hill, was not just a home, but additionally a showplace illustrating the luxe design aesthetic White-colored offered prospective wealthy clients. A boy, Lawrence Grant White-colored, was created in 1887.

In 1889, White-colored designed the triumphal arch at Washington Square, which, based on White’s great-grand son, architect Samuel G. White-colored, may be the structure White-colored ought to be best appreciated for. White-colored was the director from the Washington Centennial celebration and produced a brief triumphal arch that was very popular, money was elevated to create a lasting version.

Elsewhere in New You are able to City, White-colored designed the Villard Houses (1884), the 2nd Madison Square Garden (1890 destroyed in 1925), the Cable Building – the cable vehicle power station at 611 Broadway – (1893), the baldechin (1888 to mid-1890s) and altars of Fortunate Virgin and St. Frederick (both finished in 1905) at St. Paul the Apostle Church the brand new You are able to Herald Building (1894 destroyed) the IRT Powerhouse on eleventh Avenue and 58th Street the very first Bowery Savings Bank, in the intersection from the Bowery and Grand Street (1894) Judson Memorial Church on Washington Square a lifetime Club and Madison Square Presbyterian Church, along with the Gould Memorial Library (1903), initially for brand new You are able to College, now around the campus of Bronx College and the position of the Hall of Fame for excellent Americans.

Outdoors of recent You are able to City, White-colored designed the very first Methodist Episcopal Church in Baltimore, Maryland (1887), now Lovely Lane U . s . Methodist Church. Also, he designed the Cosmopolitan Building, a 3-story Neo-classical Revival building capped by three small domes, in Irvington, New You are able to, built-in 1895 because the headquarters of Cosmopolitan Magazine. Also, he designed Cocke, Rouss, and Old Cabell halls in the College of Virginia, and reconstructed The Rotunda (College of Virginia) in 1898, 3 years after it’d burned lower (his re-creation was later reverted to Thomas Jefferson’s original the perception of the U . s . States Bicentennial in 1976). Furthermore, he designed the Blair Mansion at 7711 Eastern Ave. in Silver Spring, Maryland (1880), now getting used like a violin store. He was accountable for designing the Boston Public Library and also the Boston Hotel Buckminster, both still standing today. In 1902, he designed the Benjamin Walworth Arnold House and Carriage House in Albany, New You are able to, and that he helped to build up Nikola Tesla’s Wardenclyffe Tower, his last design.

Just like his Washington Square Arch still stands (in Washington Square Park), so a lot of White’s clubhouses, that have been points of interest of recent You are able to society: a lifetime, Colony, Harmonie, Lambs, Metropolitan, and Players clubs. His Shinnecock Hillsides Golf Clubhouse design is stated is the earliest golf clubhouse in the usa and it is now an legendary golf landmark. However, his clubhouse for that Atlantic Yacht Club, built-in 1894 overlooking Gravesend Bay, burned lower in 1934. Sons of society families also resided in White’s St. Anthony Hall Chapter House at Johnson College, now occupied by college offices.

Within the division of projects inside the firm, the interpersonal and gregarious White-colored arrived nearly all commissions web hosting houses. His fluent draftsmanship was highly convincing to clients who may not get much visceral understanding from the floorplan, and the intuition and facility caught the atmosphere. White’s Lengthy Island houses have survived well, despite losing Harbor Hill in 1947, initially focused on 688 acres (2.78 km2) in Roslyn. White’s Lengthy Island houses have three types, based on their locations: Gold Coast chateaux neo-Colonial structures, especially individuals locally of their own house at “Box Hill” in Smithtown, New You are able to (White’s wife would be a Cruz) and also the South Fork houses from Southampton to Montauk Point. Also, he designed the Kate Annette Wetherill Estate in 1895.

White-colored designed many other New You are able to mansions too, such as the Iselin family estate “All View” and “Four Chimneys” in New Rochelle. White-colored seemed to be active designing country estate homes in Greenwich, Connecticut. Examples there range from the Seaman-Brush House (1900), the Stanton House Inn, a bed and breakfast. In New York’s Hudson Valley, he designed the 1896 Mills Mansion in Staatsburg. Among his “cottages” in Newport, Rhode Island, at Rosecliff (for Mrs. Hermann Oelrichs, 1898-1902) he adapted Mansart’s Grand Trianon, but provided this house designed for receptions, dinners, and dances with fluent spatial planning and well-contrived dramatic internal views en filade. His “informal” shingled cottages usually featured double corridors for separate circulation, to ensure that a guest never noticed a laundress having a basket of bedding. Bedrooms were usually separated from hallways with a dressing-room foyer lined with closets, to ensure that an inner door as well as an outer door give superb privacy.

One the couple of surviving urban residences created by White-colored may be the Ross R. Winans Mansion in Baltimore’s Mount Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood, the headquarters for Agora, Corporation.. Designed for Ross R. Winans, heir to Ross Winans, in 1882 the mansion is premier illustration of French Renaissance revival architecture. Since Winans residence, it offered like a women preparatory school, hospitals, along with a funeral parlor prior to being acquired by Agora Publishing. In 2005, Agora completed an award-winning renovation project.

White-colored resided exactly the same existence as his clients, although less than so lavishly, and that he understood the way the house needed to perform: just like a first-rate hotel, theater foyer, or perhaps a theater set with appropriate historic references. He was a designer, who had been prepared to perform a cover Scribner’s Magazine or design a pedestal for uncle Augustus Saint-Gaudens’ sculpture. He extended the boundaries of architectural services to incorporate interior decoration, getting art and antiques, as well as planning and designing parties. He collected works of art, pottery, and tapestries, and when White-colored couldn’t procure the best antiques for his interiors, he’d sketch neo-Georgian standing electroliers or perhaps a Renaissance library table. His the perception of elaborate picture framing, the Stanford White-colored frame, still bears his name today. Outgoing and social, he possessed a sizable circle of buddies and acquaintances, a lot of whom grew to become clients. White-colored were built with a major influence within the “Shingle Style” from the 1880s, on Neo-Colonial style, and also the Newport cottages that he’s celebrated.

He designed and decorated Fifth Avenue mansions for that Astors, the Vanderbilts (in 1905), along with other high society families.

His Washington Square Arch still stands in Washington Square Park, and thus do a lot of his clubs, that have been points of interest of recent You are able to society: a lifetime, Metropolitan, Players, Lambs, Colony and Harmonie clubs. His clubhouse for that Atlantic Yacht Club, built-in 1894 overlooking Gravesend Bay, burned lower in 1934. Sons of society families also resided in White’s St. Anthony Hall Chapter House at Johnson College, now occupied by college offices.

White-colored, a tall, flamboyant man with red hair along with a red mustache, impressed others as witty, kind, and generous. The newspapers frequently described him as “masterful”, “intense”, “burly yet boyish”. He would be a sophisticated collector of the things rare and pricey, for example artwork and antiquities. He maintained a multi-story apartment having a rear entrance on 24th street in Manhattan. One eco-friendly-hued room was outfitted having a red velvet swing, which hung in the ceiling suspended by ivy-twined ropes. You will find conflicting accounts of whether this swing is at the “Giralda” tower in the old Madison Square Garden, or perhaps in the encompassing building at 22 West 24th Street, but sources appear to concur the swing would be a feature from the 24th Street location.

From evidence in letters, including individuals of Augustus Saint-Gaudens to White-colored, recent biographers have figured that White-colored was, at the minimum, bisexual, which work of McKim, Mead & White-colored was greatly a part of this type of social circle. According for this, White’s daughter has written that Stanford’s oldest boy (her father) was “unflinching in the understanding of Stanford’s nature”.

White’s presence in the roof garden theatre of Madison Square Garden around the nights June 25, 1906, have been an impromptu decision. White-colored had initially planned to stay in Philadelphia on business he postponed the trip when his boy, Lawrence, made an unpredicted trip to New You are able to. Supported by New You are able to society figure James Clinch Cruz, they dined at Martin’s, close to the theatre, where Harry Kendall Thaw and the wife Evelyn Nesbit also dined. Thaw apparently saw White-colored there.

That evening’s theatrical presentation was the premiere performance of Mam’zelle Champagne. Throughout the show’s finale, “I Possibly Could Love Millions Of Women”, Thaw contacted White-colored, created a pistol, standing some two ft from his target, stated, “You’ve destroyed my spouse”, and fired three shots at White-colored, hitting him two times hard and when in the upper left shoulder, killing him instantly. A part of White’s face was torn away, and the remainder of his features were unrecognizable, blackened by gunpowder. The crowd’s initial reaction was certainly one of good cheer, as elaborate party methods one of the upper echelon of recent You are able to society were common at that time. However, if this grew to become apparent that White-colored was dead, hysteria ensued.

Thaw, a Pittsburgh uniform with past severe mental instability, would be a jealous husband who saw White-colored as his rival. White-colored had first inebriated after which sexually assaulted an unconscious Nesbit when she was 16 and White-colored was 47 years of age. Within the years following, White-colored had continued to be a powerful presence in Nesbit’s existence. However, when he was murdered, White-colored had lengthy since managed to move on with other enthusiasts, which is conjectured that White-colored was not aware of Thaw’s lengthy-standing vendetta against him. White-colored considered Thaw a poseur of little consequence, categorized him like a clown, and many tellingly, known as him the “Pennsylvania pug” – a mention of the Thaw’s baby-faced features. The truth is, Thaw both respected and resented White’s social stature. More considerably, he recognized he and White-colored shared a love for similar lifestyles. However, unlike Thaw, who’d to function within the shadows, White-colored could keep on without censure, and apparently, with impunity.

19-year-old Lawrence Grant White-colored was guilt ridden after his father was slain, blaming themself for his dying. “If perhaps he’d gone [to Philadelphia]!” he lamented. Years later, he’d write bitterly, “Around the nights June 25th, 1906, while attending a performance at Madison Square Garden, Stanford White-colored was shot from behind [by] a crazed profligate whose great wealth was utilized to besmirch his victim’s memory throughout the number of well known trials that ensued.”

White-colored was hidden in St. James, New You are able to.

As soon as the morning following a murder, news coverage grew to become both chaotic and single-minded, also it ground forward with unrelenting momentum. William Randolph Hearst’s newspapers performed in the murder, and also the connected court proceedings grew to become referred to as “The Trial from the Century”. The rampant curiosity about the White-colored murder and it is key players was utilized by the defense and prosecution in Thaw’s murder trial to give malleable reporters any “scoops” that will give their particular sides a benefit within the public forum.

Anyone, place or event, regardless of how peripheral to White’s murder, was grabbed on by reporters and hyped as newsworthy copy. Details were thin, but sensationalist reportage was plentiful within this, the heyday of tabloid journalism. Hard-steamed male reporters were bolstered with a contingent of female counterparts, christened “Sob Siblings”, also referred to as the “Pity Patrol”. Their stock in trade was a persons-interest piece, heavy on sentimental tropes and melodrama, crafted to drag around the feelings and punch them as much as fever pitch.

White-colored, in dying, wasn’t able to escape the craze of printed invective, which not just excoriated him like a man, but asked his professional achievements being an architect too. The Night Standard concluded he was “much more of a painter than architect”, and stated his work spoke of his “social dissolution”. The Country seemed to be critical: “He adorned many a united states mansion with irrelevant plunder.” The yellow press used lurid language to demonize White-colored as “a sybarite of debauchery, a guy who abandoned high enterprises for vicious revels.”

Couple of buddies or associates came toward openly defend White-colored. His good friend, sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens, was seriously ill and not able to talk out.

Richard Harding Davis, a war correspondent and reputedly the model for that “Gibson Man”, was angered through the tabloid press, which, he was adament, had distorted the details. An editorial, which made an appearance in Vanity Fair, lambasting White-colored and shredding his status, motivated Davis to pen a rebuttal. The content made an appearance on August 8, 1906, in Collier’s magazine:

Since his dying White-colored continues to be referred to as a satyr. To reply to this by stating that he would be a great architect isn’t to reply to whatsoever…furthermore important is the fact that he would be a most kindhearted, most considerate, gentle and macho man, who could forget about did the items related to him than he might have roasted an infant on the spit. Big in your mind as well as in body, he was not capable of little meanness. He respected an attractive lady because he respected almost every other beautiful factor God has provided us and the delight more than one was as keen, as boyish, as grateful over any others.

The autopsy report published through the coroner’s testimony in the Thaw trial says White-colored was seriously unwell during the time of his murder. Actually, he’d have succumbed shortly to the various illnesses he endured from: Bright’s disease, incipient t . b, and severe liver degeneration.

900 Broadway on a corner of East 20th Street, within the Flatiron District of Manhattan, New You are able to City.

Washington Square ArchWhite-colored renovated the mansion at #16 Gramercy Park for actor Edwin Booth is the headquarters for that Players Club.

Boston Hotel Buckminster in Kenmore Square

The 2nd incarnation of Madison Square Garden was created by White-colored

The NYU library within the Bronx, now a part of Bronx College

Interior of gorgeous Lane Methodist Church in Baltimore, Maryland

The Cosmopolitan Building c.1900 (from your ad in Cosmopolitan Magazine)

President Theodore Roosevelt sitting down inside a chair created by White-colored for that Condition Dining Area from the White-colored House, 1903.

Primary sources

White’s extensive professional correspondence along with a small body of private correspondence, photographs, and architectural sketches by White-colored are held through the Department of Sketches & Archives of Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at Columbia College. His letters to his family happen to be edited by Claire Nicolas White-colored, Stanford White-colored: Letters to His Family 1997. The main archive for his firm, McKim, Mead & White-colored, takes place through the New-You are able to Historic Society.

Notes

Bibliography